Plant reproduction is the process by which plants produce offspring through the formation of seeds or spores. This can occur through sexual reproduction, where pollen from a male plant fertilizes the ovule of a female plant, or through asexual reproduction, where new plants are created from vegetative structures such as bulbs, tubers, or runners. Plant reproduction is essential for the survival and genetic diversity of plant species, and is influenced by a variety of factors including environmental conditions, pollinators, and genetic compatibility. Researchers study plant reproduction to better understand the mechanisms and evolutionary processes that govern plant reproductive success and adaptability.